Ø Intelligent people have more zinc and copper in their hair
Ø The world's youngest parents were 8 and 9 and lived in China in 1910.
Ø Our eyes remain the same size from birth onward, but our noses and ears
never stop growing.
Ø You burn more calories sleeping than you do watching TV.
Ø A person will die from total lack of sleep sooner than from starvation.
Ø Death will occur about 10 days without sleep, while starvation takes a
few weeks.
Ø Chewing gum while peeling onions will keep you from crying.
Ø The Mona Lisa has no eyebrows.
Ø When the moon is directly overhead, you weigh slightly less.
Ø Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, never telephoned
his Wife or mother because they were both deaf.
Ø "I am." is the shortest complete sentence in the English language
Ø Colgate faced big obstacle marketing toothpaste in Spanish speaking
countries because Colgate translates into the command "go hang yourself."
Ø The smallest unit of time is the yoctosecond
Ø Like fingerprints, everyone's tongue print is different
Ø "Bookkeeper" is the only word in English language with three consecutive
double letters
Ø Right handed people live, on average, nine years longer than left handed
people do
Ø The sentence "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" uses every
letter in the English language
Ø If the population of China walked past you in single line, the line would
never end because of the rate of reproduction
Ø China has more English speakers than the United States
Ø Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell.
Ø Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of blood vessels.
Ø The longest place name still in use is:
Taumatawhakatangiha ngaoauauotametea turi-Pukakpikima ungahoronukupoka iwhe
nuakitanatahu- a New Zealand hill
Ø If you leave Tokyo by plane at 7:00am, you will arrive in Honolulu (US)
at approximately 4:30pm the previous day.
Showing posts with label knowledge. Show all posts
Showing posts with label knowledge. Show all posts
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
Some interesting Amazing Facts (GK)
• Napoleon's christening name was Italian: Napoleone Buonaparte(OR Bonaparte). He was born on the island of Corsica one year after it became French property. As a boy, Napoleon hated the French.
• The brain of an average adult male weighs 1,375 gm (55 oz). The brain of Russian novelist Turgenev weighed 2021 gm (81 oz), Bismark's weighed 1807 gm (72 oz), while that of French statesman Gambetta was only 1294 gm (51 oz). Einstein's brain was of average size.
• The oldest living thing on earth is 12,000 years old. It is the flowering shrubs called creosote bushes in the Mojave Desert.
• Money notes are not made from paper, they are made mostly from a special blend of cotton and linen. In 1932, when a shortage of cash occurred in Tenino, Washington, USA, notes were made out of wood for a brief period.
• Tea is said to have been discovered in 2737 BC by a Chinese emperor when some tea leaves accidentally blew into a pot of boiling water. The tea bag was introduced in 1908 by Thomas Sullivan of New York.
• Over the last 150 years the average height of people in industrialised nations has increased 10 cm (about 4 inches). In the 19th century, American men were the tallest in the world, averaging 1,71m (5'6"). Today, the average height for American men is 1,75m (5'7"), compared to 1,77 (5'8") for Swedes, and 1,78 (5'8.5") for the Dutch. The tallest nation in the world is the Watusis of Burundi.
• In 1955 the richest woman in the world was Mrs Hetty Green Wilks, who left an estate of $95 million in a will that was found in a tin box with four pieces of soap. Queen Elizabeth of Britain and Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands count under the 10 wealthiest women in the world.
• According to a study by the Economic Research Service, 27% of all food production in Western nations ends up in garbage cans. Yet, 1,2 billion people are underfed - the same number of people who are overweight.
• A person can live without food for about a month, but only about a week without water. If the amount of water in your body is reduced by just 1%, you'll feel thirsty. If it's reduced by 10%, you'll die.
• The system of democracy was introduced 2 500 years ago in Athens, Greece. The oldest existing governing body operates in Althing in Iceland. It was established in 930 AD.
• The brain of an average adult male weighs 1,375 gm (55 oz). The brain of Russian novelist Turgenev weighed 2021 gm (81 oz), Bismark's weighed 1807 gm (72 oz), while that of French statesman Gambetta was only 1294 gm (51 oz). Einstein's brain was of average size.
• The oldest living thing on earth is 12,000 years old. It is the flowering shrubs called creosote bushes in the Mojave Desert.
• Money notes are not made from paper, they are made mostly from a special blend of cotton and linen. In 1932, when a shortage of cash occurred in Tenino, Washington, USA, notes were made out of wood for a brief period.
• Tea is said to have been discovered in 2737 BC by a Chinese emperor when some tea leaves accidentally blew into a pot of boiling water. The tea bag was introduced in 1908 by Thomas Sullivan of New York.
• Over the last 150 years the average height of people in industrialised nations has increased 10 cm (about 4 inches). In the 19th century, American men were the tallest in the world, averaging 1,71m (5'6"). Today, the average height for American men is 1,75m (5'7"), compared to 1,77 (5'8") for Swedes, and 1,78 (5'8.5") for the Dutch. The tallest nation in the world is the Watusis of Burundi.
• In 1955 the richest woman in the world was Mrs Hetty Green Wilks, who left an estate of $95 million in a will that was found in a tin box with four pieces of soap. Queen Elizabeth of Britain and Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands count under the 10 wealthiest women in the world.
• According to a study by the Economic Research Service, 27% of all food production in Western nations ends up in garbage cans. Yet, 1,2 billion people are underfed - the same number of people who are overweight.
• A person can live without food for about a month, but only about a week without water. If the amount of water in your body is reduced by just 1%, you'll feel thirsty. If it's reduced by 10%, you'll die.
• The system of democracy was introduced 2 500 years ago in Athens, Greece. The oldest existing governing body operates in Althing in Iceland. It was established in 930 AD.
Some of the Various Amazing Facts of Animals
• Did you know fishes talk to each other? Some of them communicate by making noises in their throats by rasping their teeth, others use their swim bladders to make sounds.
• The bird that can fly the fastest is called a White It can fly up to 95 miles per hour.
• Did you know there are two kinds of pandas? There is the Long-tailed Himalayan carnivore that looks like a raccoon and there is the Giant panda bear that lives in Western China.
• The Blue Whale's whistle is the loudest noise made by an animal.
• Did you know there are two kinds of camels? One is the Arabian that lives in Western Asia and Northern Africa. It has one hump. And the second kind is called Bactrian which has two humps and lives in Mongolia and Chinese Turkistan.
• There are two kinds of elephants: the African that is taller and has larger ears and the Indian that is small and has smaller ears.
• The smallest bird in the world is the Hummingbird. It weighs 1oz.
• The fastest human swimmer can swim at 6 miles per hour. The fastest mammal - the dolphin - can swim up to 35 miles per hour.
• The bird that can fly the fastest is called a White It can fly up to 95 miles per hour.
• Did you know there are two kinds of pandas? There is the Long-tailed Himalayan carnivore that looks like a raccoon and there is the Giant panda bear that lives in Western China.
• The Blue Whale's whistle is the loudest noise made by an animal.
• Did you know there are two kinds of camels? One is the Arabian that lives in Western Asia and Northern Africa. It has one hump. And the second kind is called Bactrian which has two humps and lives in Mongolia and Chinese Turkistan.
• There are two kinds of elephants: the African that is taller and has larger ears and the Indian that is small and has smaller ears.
• The smallest bird in the world is the Hummingbird. It weighs 1oz.
• The fastest human swimmer can swim at 6 miles per hour. The fastest mammal - the dolphin - can swim up to 35 miles per hour.
Some Amazing India Facts (GK FOR CHHATTISGARH SHIKSHAKARMI EXAM 2009)
• The official Sanskrit name for India is Bharat.
• INDIA has been called Bharat even in Satya yuga ( Golden Age )
• The name `India’ is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to the river Indus as the Sindhu.
• The Persian invaders converted it into Hindu. The name `Hindustan’ combines Sindhu and Hindu and thus refers to the land of the Hindus.
• The number system was invented by India. Aryabhatta was the scientist who invented the digit zero.
• Sanskrit is considered as the mother of all higher languages. This is because it is the most precise, and therefore suitable language for computer software. ( a report in Forbes magazine, July 1987 ).
• Chess was invented in India.
• Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus are studies which originated in India.
• The' place value system' and the 'decimal system' were developed in 100 BC in India.
• The first six Mogul Emperor's of India ruled in an unbroken succession from father to son for two hundred years, from 1526 to 1707.
• The World's First Granite Temple is the Brihadeswara temple at Tanjavur in Tamil Nadu. The shikhara is made from a single ' 80-tonne ' piece of granite. Also, this magnificient temple was built in just five years, (between 1004 AD and 1009 AD) during the reign of Rajaraja Chola
• India is.......the Largest democracy in the world, the 6th largest country in the world AND one of the most ancient and living civilizations (at least 10, 000 years old).
• The game of snakes & ladders was created by the 13th century poet saint Gyandev. It was originally called 'Mokshapat.' The ladders in the game represented virtues and the snakes indicated vices. The game was played with cowrie shells and dices. Later through time, the game underwent several modifications but the meaning is the same i.e good deeds take us to heaven and evil to a cycle of re-births.
• The world's highest cricket ground is in Chail, Himachal Pradesh.
• Built in 1893 after levelling a hilltop, this cricket pitch is 2444 meters above sea level.
• India has the most post offices in the world !
• The largest employer in the world is the Indian railway system, employing over a million people !.
• The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
• Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to mankind. The father of medicine, Charaka, consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago.
• Although modern images & descriptions of India often show poverty, India was one of the richest countries till the time of British in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus was attracted by India's wealth and was looking for route to India when he discovered America by mistake.
• The art of Navigation & Navigating was born in the river Sindh 6000 over years ago. The very word 'Navigation' is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH. The word navy is also derived from the Sanskrit word 'Nou'.
• Bhaskaracharya rightly calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. His calculations was - Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: ( 5th century ) 365.258756484 days.
• The value of "pi" was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century, which was long before the European mathematicians.
• Algebra, trigonometry and calculus also orignated from India. Quadratic equations were used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10*53 ( i.e 10 to the power of 53 ) with specific names as early as 5000 B.C. during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera: 10*12( 10 to the power of 12 ).
• Until 1896, India was the only source for diamonds to the world. ( Source . Gemological Institute of America )
• The Baily Bridge is the highest bridge in the world. It is located in the Ladakh valley between the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan mountains. It was built by the Indian Army in August 1982.
• Sushruta is regarded as the father of surgery. Over 2600 years ago Sushrata & his team conducted complicated surgeries like cataract, artificial limbs, cesareans, fractures, urinary stones and also plastic surgery and brain surgeries.
• Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India medicine. Detailed knowledge of anatomy, embryology, digestion, metabolism, physiology, etiology, genetics and immunity is also found in many ancient Indian texts.
• INDIA has been called Bharat even in Satya yuga ( Golden Age )
• The name `India’ is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to the river Indus as the Sindhu.
• The Persian invaders converted it into Hindu. The name `Hindustan’ combines Sindhu and Hindu and thus refers to the land of the Hindus.
• The number system was invented by India. Aryabhatta was the scientist who invented the digit zero.
• Sanskrit is considered as the mother of all higher languages. This is because it is the most precise, and therefore suitable language for computer software. ( a report in Forbes magazine, July 1987 ).
• Chess was invented in India.
• Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus are studies which originated in India.
• The' place value system' and the 'decimal system' were developed in 100 BC in India.
• The first six Mogul Emperor's of India ruled in an unbroken succession from father to son for two hundred years, from 1526 to 1707.
• The World's First Granite Temple is the Brihadeswara temple at Tanjavur in Tamil Nadu. The shikhara is made from a single ' 80-tonne ' piece of granite. Also, this magnificient temple was built in just five years, (between 1004 AD and 1009 AD) during the reign of Rajaraja Chola
• India is.......the Largest democracy in the world, the 6th largest country in the world AND one of the most ancient and living civilizations (at least 10, 000 years old).
• The game of snakes & ladders was created by the 13th century poet saint Gyandev. It was originally called 'Mokshapat.' The ladders in the game represented virtues and the snakes indicated vices. The game was played with cowrie shells and dices. Later through time, the game underwent several modifications but the meaning is the same i.e good deeds take us to heaven and evil to a cycle of re-births.
• The world's highest cricket ground is in Chail, Himachal Pradesh.
• Built in 1893 after levelling a hilltop, this cricket pitch is 2444 meters above sea level.
• India has the most post offices in the world !
• The largest employer in the world is the Indian railway system, employing over a million people !.
• The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
• Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to mankind. The father of medicine, Charaka, consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago.
• Although modern images & descriptions of India often show poverty, India was one of the richest countries till the time of British in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus was attracted by India's wealth and was looking for route to India when he discovered America by mistake.
• The art of Navigation & Navigating was born in the river Sindh 6000 over years ago. The very word 'Navigation' is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH. The word navy is also derived from the Sanskrit word 'Nou'.
• Bhaskaracharya rightly calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. His calculations was - Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: ( 5th century ) 365.258756484 days.
• The value of "pi" was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century, which was long before the European mathematicians.
• Algebra, trigonometry and calculus also orignated from India. Quadratic equations were used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10*53 ( i.e 10 to the power of 53 ) with specific names as early as 5000 B.C. during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera: 10*12( 10 to the power of 12 ).
• Until 1896, India was the only source for diamonds to the world. ( Source . Gemological Institute of America )
• The Baily Bridge is the highest bridge in the world. It is located in the Ladakh valley between the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan mountains. It was built by the Indian Army in August 1982.
• Sushruta is regarded as the father of surgery. Over 2600 years ago Sushrata & his team conducted complicated surgeries like cataract, artificial limbs, cesareans, fractures, urinary stones and also plastic surgery and brain surgeries.
• Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India medicine. Detailed knowledge of anatomy, embryology, digestion, metabolism, physiology, etiology, genetics and immunity is also found in many ancient Indian texts.
Some Computer Based General knowledge
Hi I would like to share some of kool tech facts:-
(1). An Amd 1400 chip running without a heatsink gets as hot as 370 degrees.
(2). Seagate introduced the first hdd for pcs in 1979.It held 5 M.B of data.
(3). If u opened up the case of the original Macintosh, u will find 47 signatures
one for each member of Apple's Macintosh divison as of 1982.
(4). The first computer company to register for a domain name was digital
equipment corporation.
(5). Did u know Apple & Sun came very close to a merger in 1996.
(6). The technology contained in a single game boy unit in 2000 exceeds all
the computing power that was used to put the first man on moon in 1969.
(7). Hewlett Packard was started at a garage in Palo Alto in 1939.
(1). An Amd 1400 chip running without a heatsink gets as hot as 370 degrees.
(2). Seagate introduced the first hdd for pcs in 1979.It held 5 M.B of data.
(3). If u opened up the case of the original Macintosh, u will find 47 signatures
one for each member of Apple's Macintosh divison as of 1982.
(4). The first computer company to register for a domain name was digital
equipment corporation.
(5). Did u know Apple & Sun came very close to a merger in 1996.
(6). The technology contained in a single game boy unit in 2000 exceeds all
the computing power that was used to put the first man on moon in 1969.
(7). Hewlett Packard was started at a garage in Palo Alto in 1939.
Tuesday, October 20, 2009
Genuine Ways To Earn Money Online From Your Blog.
Hi, today I want to write about sites which provides paid review opportunities on your blog. I am earning from these services, these services are based on Paid To Blog. Most of the services pays through PayPal. There are minimum requirements for each service to get approve your blog Most common are
• Your blog must contain maximum posts of unique content.
• Your blog must not be completely automated or appear to be created solely for search engine traffic.
• Your blog must be updated once in a week.
• Your blog must be older than 90 days and have at least 30 posts to apply.
• Your blog must have a professional appearance.
It is good if your Blog has Google PageRank and a good Alexa rank. You can make most of it.
SponsoredReviews: Sponsored Reviews is a marketplace which lets you see paid reviews on your blog. Once you get approved from this site then you can start earning money easily. There are wide range of advertisers present and they provide a range of money that they wish to pay for your review. And you have to provide your maximum bid for your blog. Generally your blog is rated considering 3 features. They are yahoo backlinks, technorati and alexa.
You will get 65% of the bid amount. That is if you take the task for $10 then earn $6.50 and the remaining goes for the site. So in total this is a great site to earn money online by blogging and you can even earn more than $300 per review.
PayPerPost:
The controversial ad network which got into trouble with Google, PayPerPost remains a popular way for bloggers to make money through their blog. If you are a good blogger who likes to update your blog then this is a great opportunity for you. You need to have a blog which is three months old and should be updated regularly. Really this site will give you the best opportunity that you find on the Internet. So if you really want to earn good money with your blog then don't think of joining this later.
Smorty:
Smorty is another get paid for blogging site similar like payperpost. But there are some advantags in smorty which makes it unique. You will be paid weekly, which is very quick when compared to other paid to blog sites. Opportunities are directly sent to admin panel and as well as emails. Hence you dont need to check back frequently about the opportunities. So your 15 minutes time earns you money along with some good content to your blog. Your blog need not require higher PR for getting approved. Only a good blog, indexed in google with some good content and updated regularly is fine.
LinkWorth:
LinkWorth have a wide range of ways for you to make money through your blog including text and banner ad sales, in text advertising and paid reviews.
Join BidVertiser now and they will turn your advertising space into cash! Simply display the BidVertiser text ads on your website and let advertisers bid against each other!
If you have been banned from Google Adsense or wish to extend your publisher revenue, BidVertiser is just a perfect option
SocialSpark:
SocialSpark offers bloggers a variety of ways to make money through their blog. You can review products, websites and services and you can display sponsors ads on a per day basis.
• Your blog must contain maximum posts of unique content.
• Your blog must not be completely automated or appear to be created solely for search engine traffic.
• Your blog must be updated once in a week.
• Your blog must be older than 90 days and have at least 30 posts to apply.
• Your blog must have a professional appearance.
It is good if your Blog has Google PageRank and a good Alexa rank. You can make most of it.
SponsoredReviews: Sponsored Reviews is a marketplace which lets you see paid reviews on your blog. Once you get approved from this site then you can start earning money easily. There are wide range of advertisers present and they provide a range of money that they wish to pay for your review. And you have to provide your maximum bid for your blog. Generally your blog is rated considering 3 features. They are yahoo backlinks, technorati and alexa.
You will get 65% of the bid amount. That is if you take the task for $10 then earn $6.50 and the remaining goes for the site. So in total this is a great site to earn money online by blogging and you can even earn more than $300 per review.
PayPerPost:
The controversial ad network which got into trouble with Google, PayPerPost remains a popular way for bloggers to make money through their blog. If you are a good blogger who likes to update your blog then this is a great opportunity for you. You need to have a blog which is three months old and should be updated regularly. Really this site will give you the best opportunity that you find on the Internet. So if you really want to earn good money with your blog then don't think of joining this later.
Smorty:
Smorty is another get paid for blogging site similar like payperpost. But there are some advantags in smorty which makes it unique. You will be paid weekly, which is very quick when compared to other paid to blog sites. Opportunities are directly sent to admin panel and as well as emails. Hence you dont need to check back frequently about the opportunities. So your 15 minutes time earns you money along with some good content to your blog. Your blog need not require higher PR for getting approved. Only a good blog, indexed in google with some good content and updated regularly is fine.
LinkWorth:
LinkWorth have a wide range of ways for you to make money through your blog including text and banner ad sales, in text advertising and paid reviews.
Join BidVertiser now and they will turn your advertising space into cash! Simply display the BidVertiser text ads on your website and let advertisers bid against each other!
If you have been banned from Google Adsense or wish to extend your publisher revenue, BidVertiser is just a perfect option
SocialSpark:
SocialSpark offers bloggers a variety of ways to make money through their blog. You can review products, websites and services and you can display sponsors ads on a per day basis.
What is meant by mounting a drive?
Before your computer can use any kind of storage device (such as a hard drive, CD-ROM, or network share), you or your operating system must make it accessible through the computer's file system. This process is called mounting. You can access only files on mounted media.
Formats and mounting
Your computer stores data in specific, structured file formats. The format used depends on how your operating system is configured, but they all fulfill the same purpose. A file format is a specially coded template written on a piece of media (such as a disk or CD-ROM). Your computer reads the format to determine many things about the media: where data begins and ends, where data can be written, and how to read data that has already been written. If your computer does not recognize the file format on a piece of media, your computer will return errors. If you force your computer to work with media in a corrupted or unrecognized format, your computer will write data incorrectly, possibly rendering unrecoverable all the files stored on the media.
Mounting ensures that your computer recognizes the media's format, and instructs your computer to incorporate the media's filesystem into your local filesystem. If your computer cannot recognize the media format, the device cannot be mounted. When media is successfully mounted, your computer creates a mount point, a locally available link through which you access an external device. In Windows or Mac OS X, the mount point is represented by a picture of a CD-ROM or floppy disk, or other icon. In Unix or Linux, the mount point is a directory. Most operating systems handle mounting and unmounting for you.
Formats and mounting
Your computer stores data in specific, structured file formats. The format used depends on how your operating system is configured, but they all fulfill the same purpose. A file format is a specially coded template written on a piece of media (such as a disk or CD-ROM). Your computer reads the format to determine many things about the media: where data begins and ends, where data can be written, and how to read data that has already been written. If your computer does not recognize the file format on a piece of media, your computer will return errors. If you force your computer to work with media in a corrupted or unrecognized format, your computer will write data incorrectly, possibly rendering unrecoverable all the files stored on the media.
Mounting ensures that your computer recognizes the media's format, and instructs your computer to incorporate the media's filesystem into your local filesystem. If your computer cannot recognize the media format, the device cannot be mounted. When media is successfully mounted, your computer creates a mount point, a locally available link through which you access an external device. In Windows or Mac OS X, the mount point is represented by a picture of a CD-ROM or floppy disk, or other icon. In Unix or Linux, the mount point is a directory. Most operating systems handle mounting and unmounting for you.
Tuesday, October 13, 2009
My New Blog For Chhattisgarh Shikshakarmi Exam Candidates
Click HERE to open my new blog for Chhattisgarh Shikshakarmi Exam Candidates
Sunday, September 27, 2009
20 interesting facts about Google
This is not a trick; but its a useful information that i founded, and like it to share with you all.
1. Google started in January, 1996 as a research project at Stanford University, by Ph.D. candidates Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were 24 years old and 23 years old respectively.
2. The prime reason the Google home page is so bare is due to the fact that the founders didn’t know HTML and just wanted a quick interface. In fact it was noted that the submit button was a long time coming and hitting the RETURN key was the only way to burst Google into life.
3. Google is a mathematical term 1 followed by one hundred zeroes. The term was coined by Milton Sirotta, nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasne.
4. Gmail was used internally for nearly 2 ears prior to launch to the public. They discovered there was approximately 6 types of email users, and Gmail has been designed to accommodate these 6.
5. It consisted of over 450,000 servers, racked up in clusters located in data centers around the world.
6. The Google search engine receives about a billion search requests per day.
7. Google's index of web pages is the largest in the world, comprising of eight billions(2005) of web pages. Google searches this immense collection of web pages often in less than half a second.
8. Google has a tradition of creating April Fool's Day jokes - such as Google MentalPlex, which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web. Some thought the announcement of Gmail in 2004 around April Fool's Day was a joke.
9. Google receives daily search requests from all over the world, including Antarctica.
10. Users can restrict their searches for content in 35 non-English languages. To date, no requests have been received from beyond the earth's orbit, but Google has a Klingon interface just in case.
11. Google has a world-class staff of 9,378 full-time employees known as Googlers. The company headquarters is called the Googleplex located at Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway.
12. Google translates billions of HTML web pages into a display format for WAP and i-mode phones and wireless handheld devices.
13. "I feel lucky" is nearly never used. It was a comfort button which actually takes to the first web page returned by the search results.
14. Google use the unique 20%/5% rules. That is ,if at least 20% of people use a feature, then it will be included. At least 5% of people need to use a particular search preference before it will make it into the 'Advanced Preferences'.
15. Employees in Google are encouraged to use 20% of their time working on their own projects. That's why we have GMail,Google News and Orkut now.
16. Google Groups comprises more than 845 million Usenet messages, which is the world's largest collection of messages or the equivalent of more than a terabyte of human conversation.
17. The basis of Google's search technology is called PageRank™, and assigns an "importance" value to each page on the web and gives it a rank to determine how useful it is. However, that's not why it's called PageRank. It's actually named after Google co-founder Larry Page.
18. Googlers are multifaceted. One operations manager, who keeps the Google network in good health is a former neurosurgeon. One software engineer is a former rocket scientist. And the company's chef formerly prepared meals for members of The Grateful Dead and funkmeister George Clinton.
19.Google’s Orkut is very popular in Brazil and India. It was the brainchild of a Google engineer who was given free reign to run with it.
20. In a 2006 report of the world's richest people, Forbes reported that Sergey Brin was #26 with a net worth of $12.9 billion, and Larry Page was #27 with a net worth of $12.8 billion
1. Google started in January, 1996 as a research project at Stanford University, by Ph.D. candidates Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were 24 years old and 23 years old respectively.
2. The prime reason the Google home page is so bare is due to the fact that the founders didn’t know HTML and just wanted a quick interface. In fact it was noted that the submit button was a long time coming and hitting the RETURN key was the only way to burst Google into life.
3. Google is a mathematical term 1 followed by one hundred zeroes. The term was coined by Milton Sirotta, nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasne.
4. Gmail was used internally for nearly 2 ears prior to launch to the public. They discovered there was approximately 6 types of email users, and Gmail has been designed to accommodate these 6.
5. It consisted of over 450,000 servers, racked up in clusters located in data centers around the world.
6. The Google search engine receives about a billion search requests per day.
7. Google's index of web pages is the largest in the world, comprising of eight billions(2005) of web pages. Google searches this immense collection of web pages often in less than half a second.
8. Google has a tradition of creating April Fool's Day jokes - such as Google MentalPlex, which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web. Some thought the announcement of Gmail in 2004 around April Fool's Day was a joke.
9. Google receives daily search requests from all over the world, including Antarctica.
10. Users can restrict their searches for content in 35 non-English languages. To date, no requests have been received from beyond the earth's orbit, but Google has a Klingon interface just in case.
11. Google has a world-class staff of 9,378 full-time employees known as Googlers. The company headquarters is called the Googleplex located at Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway.
12. Google translates billions of HTML web pages into a display format for WAP and i-mode phones and wireless handheld devices.
13. "I feel lucky" is nearly never used. It was a comfort button which actually takes to the first web page returned by the search results.
14. Google use the unique 20%/5% rules. That is ,if at least 20% of people use a feature, then it will be included. At least 5% of people need to use a particular search preference before it will make it into the 'Advanced Preferences'.
15. Employees in Google are encouraged to use 20% of their time working on their own projects. That's why we have GMail,Google News and Orkut now.
16. Google Groups comprises more than 845 million Usenet messages, which is the world's largest collection of messages or the equivalent of more than a terabyte of human conversation.
17. The basis of Google's search technology is called PageRank™, and assigns an "importance" value to each page on the web and gives it a rank to determine how useful it is. However, that's not why it's called PageRank. It's actually named after Google co-founder Larry Page.
18. Googlers are multifaceted. One operations manager, who keeps the Google network in good health is a former neurosurgeon. One software engineer is a former rocket scientist. And the company's chef formerly prepared meals for members of The Grateful Dead and funkmeister George Clinton.
19.Google’s Orkut is very popular in Brazil and India. It was the brainchild of a Google engineer who was given free reign to run with it.
20. In a 2006 report of the world's richest people, Forbes reported that Sergey Brin was #26 with a net worth of $12.9 billion, and Larry Page was #27 with a net worth of $12.8 billion
C++ History
History of C++
During the 60s, while computers were still in an early stage of development, many new programming languages appeared. Among them, ALGOL 60, was developed as an alternative to FORTRAN but taking from it some concepts of structured programming which would later inspire most procedural languages, such as CPL and its succesors (like C++). ALGOL 68 also influenced directly in the development of data types in C. Nevertheless ALGOL was an unspecific language and its abstraction made it little practical to solve most commercial tasks.
In 1963 the CPL (Combined Programming language) appeared with the idea of being more specific for concrete programming tasks of that time than ALGOL or FORTRAN. Nevertheless this same specificity made it a big language and, therefore, difficult to learn and implement. In 1967, Martin Richards developed the BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), that signified a simplification of CPL but kept the most important features the language offered. Although it continued being an abstract and somewhat large language. In 1970, Ken Thompson, immersed in the development of UNIX at Bell Labs, created the B language. It was a port of BCPL for a specific machine and system (DEC PDP-7 and UNIX), and was adapted to his particular taste and necessities. The final result was an even greater simplification of CPL, although dependent on the system. It had great limitations like it did not compile to executable code but threaded-code, which generates slower code in execution, and therefore was inadequate for the development of an operating system. Reason why from 1971, Denis Ritchie, from the Bell Labs team, began the development of a B compiler which, among other things, was able to generate executable code directly. This "New B", finally called C, introduced in addition, some other new concepts to the language like data types (char). In 1973, Denis Ritchie, had developed the bases of C. The inclusion of types, its handling, as well as the improvement of arrays and pointers, along with later demonstrated capacity of portability without becoming a high-level language, contributed to the expansion of the C language. It was established with the book "The C Programming Language" by Brian Kernighan and Denis Ritchie, known as the White Book, and that served as de facto standard until the publication of formal ANSI standard (ANSI X3J11 committee) in 1989. In 1980, Bjarne Stroustrup, from Bell labs, began the development of the C++ language, that would receive formally this name at the end of 1983, when its first manual was going to be published. In October 1985, the first commercial release of the language appeared as well as the first edition of the book "The C++ Programming Language" by Bjarne Stroustrup. During the 80s the C++ language was being refined until it became a language with its own personality. All that with very few losses of compatibility with the code with C, and without resigning to its most important characteristics. In fact, the ANSI standard for the C language published in 1989 took good part of the contributions of C++ to structured programming. From 1990 on, ANSI committee X3J16 began the development of a specific standard for C++. In the period elapsed until the publication of the standard in 1998, C++ lived a great expansion in its use and today is the preferred language to develop professional applications on all platforms.
During the 60s, while computers were still in an early stage of development, many new programming languages appeared. Among them, ALGOL 60, was developed as an alternative to FORTRAN but taking from it some concepts of structured programming which would later inspire most procedural languages, such as CPL and its succesors (like C++). ALGOL 68 also influenced directly in the development of data types in C. Nevertheless ALGOL was an unspecific language and its abstraction made it little practical to solve most commercial tasks.
In 1963 the CPL (Combined Programming language) appeared with the idea of being more specific for concrete programming tasks of that time than ALGOL or FORTRAN. Nevertheless this same specificity made it a big language and, therefore, difficult to learn and implement. In 1967, Martin Richards developed the BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), that signified a simplification of CPL but kept the most important features the language offered. Although it continued being an abstract and somewhat large language. In 1970, Ken Thompson, immersed in the development of UNIX at Bell Labs, created the B language. It was a port of BCPL for a specific machine and system (DEC PDP-7 and UNIX), and was adapted to his particular taste and necessities. The final result was an even greater simplification of CPL, although dependent on the system. It had great limitations like it did not compile to executable code but threaded-code, which generates slower code in execution, and therefore was inadequate for the development of an operating system. Reason why from 1971, Denis Ritchie, from the Bell Labs team, began the development of a B compiler which, among other things, was able to generate executable code directly. This "New B", finally called C, introduced in addition, some other new concepts to the language like data types (char). In 1973, Denis Ritchie, had developed the bases of C. The inclusion of types, its handling, as well as the improvement of arrays and pointers, along with later demonstrated capacity of portability without becoming a high-level language, contributed to the expansion of the C language. It was established with the book "The C Programming Language" by Brian Kernighan and Denis Ritchie, known as the White Book, and that served as de facto standard until the publication of formal ANSI standard (ANSI X3J11 committee) in 1989. In 1980, Bjarne Stroustrup, from Bell labs, began the development of the C++ language, that would receive formally this name at the end of 1983, when its first manual was going to be published. In October 1985, the first commercial release of the language appeared as well as the first edition of the book "The C++ Programming Language" by Bjarne Stroustrup. During the 80s the C++ language was being refined until it became a language with its own personality. All that with very few losses of compatibility with the code with C, and without resigning to its most important characteristics. In fact, the ANSI standard for the C language published in 1989 took good part of the contributions of C++ to structured programming. From 1990 on, ANSI committee X3J16 began the development of a specific standard for C++. In the period elapsed until the publication of the standard in 1998, C++ lived a great expansion in its use and today is the preferred language to develop professional applications on all platforms.
C - Lanuage
History of the C family of languages
1972 - The precursor to C, the language B, is developed at Bell Labs. The B language is fast, easy to maintain, and useful for all kinds of development from systems to applications. The entire team that designed the language is immediately fired for behavior unbefitting a telephone company employee, and the project is handed to Dennis Ritchie. He alters the language to be incomprehensible, difficult to maintain, and only useful for systems development. He also designs in a pointer system guaranteed to give every program over 500 lines a pointer into the operating system.
1982 – It is discovered that 97% of all C routine calls are subject to buffer overrun exploits. C programmers begin to realize that initializing a variable to whatever happens to be lying around in memory is not necessarily a good idea. However, since enforcing sensible variable initialization would break 97% of all C programs in existence, nothing is done about it.
1984 – The number of operating systems bad pointers can get to has been dramatically increased.
1985 – A variant of C with object oriented capabilities, called C With Classes, is ready to go commercial. However, the name C With Classes is considered too clear and easy for outsiders to understand, so the commercial version is called C++.
1986 – C becomes so popular that industry analysts recommend writing business applications in it. They argue that applications written in C will be portable to many different systems. Many of these industry analysts are suspected of being under the influence of hallucinogens.
1988 – Industry analysts finally run out of LSD. After their hallucinations fade, they notice that business apps written in C take five times longer to produce, and are still not portable. They stop recommending that business apps be written in C, except for a minority that switch to crack cocaine and start recommending business apps be written in C++ because “object orientation will result in code reuse”.
1990 – By this time, all C compilers have turned into C++ compilers. But, since most C++ programs do not use any of the object oriented features of the language, this means in practical terms that bloated code structures with pointers into the operating system are now being compiled with an object-oriented compiler.
1990 – After hiring some industry analysts that switched from crack to sniffing glue, Sun decides to create a language called Oak to program set-top television boxes. Since all their programmers have had stilted C syntax imprinted into their DNA by this time, the new language borrows heavily from C and C++ syntax. However the set-top boxes don’t have an operating system for bad pointers to get to, so pointers are eliminated from the language.
1994 – Someone at Sun finally realizes what a stupid idea it was to develop a special language just for set-top television boxes. The language is renamed Java and repositioned as an “Internet” language that is supposed to be portable to many platforms. This works well as a marketing campaign, since less than 3% of people in the industry at this time realize what the Internet is, and since hallucinating industry analysts continue to be suckers for the mythical idea of "portability to different platforms".
1995 - Sun offers free psychedelic mushrooms to industry analysts, who immediately start writing articles about how Java is the future of programming because of its portability and integration with the Internet.
Mid 1996 – 17,468,972 articles appear about how Java is the future of programming. The age of Java applets in web pages begins.
Late 1996 – Programmers trying to produce actual web pages with applets that really work commit mass suicide out of frustration and depression. Industry analysts increase their dosage of hallucinogens to compensate.
1997 – Taking the advice of hallucinating industry analysts, Corel decides to rewrite all their applications, including WordPerfect, in Java. The end result is the first known word processor that is slower to use than a typewriter. 1998 – Realizing that the applet thing is fading fast, Sun repositions Java again, this time as a server language. They steal the design of Microsoft Transaction Server and convince everyone to pretend they created the design.
1999 – Java 2 Enterprise Edition is introduced to the rave reviews of drunk and stoned industry analysts. 21,499,512 articles are written about it, but no one actually uses it because it’s immature and expensive.
2000 – J2EE finally works, sort of. Just about the time all the Java vendors are ready to start making money on it, Microsoft announces .NET, which includes almost all the features of J2EE except the outrageous cost. In fact, Microsoft decides to give .NET away free for Windows users. Scott McNealy is so outraged he files another irrational lawsuit against Microsoft. .NET includes a new C-family language, C#, pronounced “C-pound”, continuing the tradition of languages in this family having stupid names.
2001 – Microsoft’s marketing department realizes that no one in marketing has ever talked to a live Microsoft product developer. They have lunch with one and discover that the pronunciation is actually supposed to be “C sharp”.
2002 – C# is introduced as part of the release version of Microsoft .NET. C++ developers on the Microsoft platform rejoice over the concept of “managed code”, which means they finally receive the same automatic memory management features that Visual Basic has had since 1991 and Java has had since 1995.
1972 - The precursor to C, the language B, is developed at Bell Labs. The B language is fast, easy to maintain, and useful for all kinds of development from systems to applications. The entire team that designed the language is immediately fired for behavior unbefitting a telephone company employee, and the project is handed to Dennis Ritchie. He alters the language to be incomprehensible, difficult to maintain, and only useful for systems development. He also designs in a pointer system guaranteed to give every program over 500 lines a pointer into the operating system.
1982 – It is discovered that 97% of all C routine calls are subject to buffer overrun exploits. C programmers begin to realize that initializing a variable to whatever happens to be lying around in memory is not necessarily a good idea. However, since enforcing sensible variable initialization would break 97% of all C programs in existence, nothing is done about it.
1984 – The number of operating systems bad pointers can get to has been dramatically increased.
1985 – A variant of C with object oriented capabilities, called C With Classes, is ready to go commercial. However, the name C With Classes is considered too clear and easy for outsiders to understand, so the commercial version is called C++.
1986 – C becomes so popular that industry analysts recommend writing business applications in it. They argue that applications written in C will be portable to many different systems. Many of these industry analysts are suspected of being under the influence of hallucinogens.
1988 – Industry analysts finally run out of LSD. After their hallucinations fade, they notice that business apps written in C take five times longer to produce, and are still not portable. They stop recommending that business apps be written in C, except for a minority that switch to crack cocaine and start recommending business apps be written in C++ because “object orientation will result in code reuse”.
1990 – By this time, all C compilers have turned into C++ compilers. But, since most C++ programs do not use any of the object oriented features of the language, this means in practical terms that bloated code structures with pointers into the operating system are now being compiled with an object-oriented compiler.
1990 – After hiring some industry analysts that switched from crack to sniffing glue, Sun decides to create a language called Oak to program set-top television boxes. Since all their programmers have had stilted C syntax imprinted into their DNA by this time, the new language borrows heavily from C and C++ syntax. However the set-top boxes don’t have an operating system for bad pointers to get to, so pointers are eliminated from the language.
1994 – Someone at Sun finally realizes what a stupid idea it was to develop a special language just for set-top television boxes. The language is renamed Java and repositioned as an “Internet” language that is supposed to be portable to many platforms. This works well as a marketing campaign, since less than 3% of people in the industry at this time realize what the Internet is, and since hallucinating industry analysts continue to be suckers for the mythical idea of "portability to different platforms".
1995 - Sun offers free psychedelic mushrooms to industry analysts, who immediately start writing articles about how Java is the future of programming because of its portability and integration with the Internet.
Mid 1996 – 17,468,972 articles appear about how Java is the future of programming. The age of Java applets in web pages begins.
Late 1996 – Programmers trying to produce actual web pages with applets that really work commit mass suicide out of frustration and depression. Industry analysts increase their dosage of hallucinogens to compensate.
1997 – Taking the advice of hallucinating industry analysts, Corel decides to rewrite all their applications, including WordPerfect, in Java. The end result is the first known word processor that is slower to use than a typewriter. 1998 – Realizing that the applet thing is fading fast, Sun repositions Java again, this time as a server language. They steal the design of Microsoft Transaction Server and convince everyone to pretend they created the design.
1999 – Java 2 Enterprise Edition is introduced to the rave reviews of drunk and stoned industry analysts. 21,499,512 articles are written about it, but no one actually uses it because it’s immature and expensive.
2000 – J2EE finally works, sort of. Just about the time all the Java vendors are ready to start making money on it, Microsoft announces .NET, which includes almost all the features of J2EE except the outrageous cost. In fact, Microsoft decides to give .NET away free for Windows users. Scott McNealy is so outraged he files another irrational lawsuit against Microsoft. .NET includes a new C-family language, C#, pronounced “C-pound”, continuing the tradition of languages in this family having stupid names.
2001 – Microsoft’s marketing department realizes that no one in marketing has ever talked to a live Microsoft product developer. They have lunch with one and discover that the pronunciation is actually supposed to be “C sharp”.
2002 – C# is introduced as part of the release version of Microsoft .NET. C++ developers on the Microsoft platform rejoice over the concept of “managed code”, which means they finally receive the same automatic memory management features that Visual Basic has had since 1991 and Java has had since 1995.
Saturday, September 19, 2009
WINDOWS XP BOOT SEQUENCE
1. POST
2. NTLDR: The MBR reads the boot sector which is the first sector of the
active partition. This sector contains the code that starts Ntldr which is the
boot strap loader for Windows XP. The first role of Ntldr is to allow full
memory addressing, start the file system, read boot.ini and put up the boot
menu. IMPORTANT: Ntldr must be located in root folder of the active
partition along with Ntdetect.com, boot.ini, bootsect.dos (for dual booting)
and Ntbootdd.sys (needed with some SCSI adapters).
3. Ntdetect: Gets information about installed hardware. Ntldr then uses the
ARC path specified in the boot.ini to find the boot partition.
4. Ntoskrnl.exe and Hal.dll.
5. Ntldr reads the registry files, selects a hardware profile, control set and
loads device drivers, in that order.
6. Ntoskrnl.exe starts Winlogon.exe which starts Lsass.exe (Local Security
Administration), this is the program that displays the Welcome screen (If
Professional Edition-the Windows Log On dialog box), and allows the user
to log on with his/her user name and password.
Click Reference 1 or Reference 2 for more information.
2. NTLDR: The MBR reads the boot sector which is the first sector of the
active partition. This sector contains the code that starts Ntldr which is the
boot strap loader for Windows XP. The first role of Ntldr is to allow full
memory addressing, start the file system, read boot.ini and put up the boot
menu. IMPORTANT: Ntldr must be located in root folder of the active
partition along with Ntdetect.com, boot.ini, bootsect.dos (for dual booting)
and Ntbootdd.sys (needed with some SCSI adapters).
3. Ntdetect: Gets information about installed hardware. Ntldr then uses the
ARC path specified in the boot.ini to find the boot partition.
4. Ntoskrnl.exe and Hal.dll.
5. Ntldr reads the registry files, selects a hardware profile, control set and
loads device drivers, in that order.
6. Ntoskrnl.exe starts Winlogon.exe which starts Lsass.exe (Local Security
Administration), this is the program that displays the Welcome screen (If
Professional Edition-the Windows Log On dialog box), and allows the user
to log on with his/her user name and password.
Click Reference 1 or Reference 2 for more information.
The Windows 2000 Boot Process
These files must be present and not corrupted on the computer, and in the folder
indicated:
NTLDR Root of the active partition
Boot.ini Root of the active partition
Bootsect.dos (only if dual booting) Root of the active partition
Ntdetect.com Root of the active partition
Ntbootdd.sys (only if booting from a
SCSI partition, and SCSI BIOS is not
present on the controller)
Root of the active partition
Ntoskrnl.exe %SystemRoot%\System32
Hal.dll %SystemRoot%\System32
SYSTEM key (part of the Registry) %SystemRoot%\System32\Config
Device drivers (varies according to
devices present) %SystemRoot%\System32\Drivers
By default, the "Root of the active partition" means C:\, and "%SystemRoot%"
means c:\winnt.
On non-Intel (RISC) based systems, NTLDR is not needed. Instead the
computer's firmware performs those functions, and is controlled by
OSLOADER.EXE. A successful boot process on an Intel-based computer
running Win2K takes the following six steps to complete:
Step 1 - POST - Power On Self Test. This is something that all computers will
perform, regardless of the Operating System that is installed on it. This step is
only mentioned because a working hardware platform is necessary for a
successful boot. During the POST, a computer will typically test its memory,
verify that it has all necessary hardware, such as a keyboard. After checking
itself, the computer will allow adapter cards (such as SCSI cards) to run their own
POSTs. After the POST, the computer will locate a boot device, and load the
MBR (Master Boot Record) into memory, which in turn locates the active partition
and loads the boot sector into memory. Up to this point, the computer's
hardware has played the active role. Without properly functioning hardware, the
operating system doesn't matter much. At this point it is good to know that
About.com also has the best site on the Internet for PC Support, complete with a
great newsletter, an interactive forum , and a chat room. Even if your computer is
booting and running fi ne right now, this site is a great resource for tips and
information your computer.
Step 2 - Choose the OS. NTLDR is the key component of this step. It will use
the files Ntdetect.com, boot.ini, and bootsect.dos (for dual-boot machines). At
the beginning of this step, the screen will display the "OS Loader V5.0" message
on the screen. When NTLDR runs, it switches the processor into 32-bit flat
memory mode (until this point the computer was running in real mode (just like
your old 8086 or 8088 CPU). It then starts the appropriate mini-file system
(e.g.:FAT, NTFS), so that it can read the files from the disk. It will then read the
Boot.ini file, and display the boot menu on the screen. If an OS other than
Windows 2000 is selected, NTLDR then loads the bootsect.dos file and passes
control to it, which then boots the other OS. If a Windows 2000 OS is selected,
then NTLDR runs Ntdetect.com to gather information about the computer's
hardware. It is also in this step when you can choose to press F8 for
troubleshooting and advanced startup options. Ntdetect detects the following
hardware components:
? Computer ID
? Bus/adapter type
? SCSI adapters
? video adapters
? keyboard
? Com ports
? Parallel ports
? Floppy disks
? Mouse/pointing devices
? Floating-point coprocessor
Once Ntdetect.com has collected the hardware information, NTLDR will load
Ntoskrnl and pass that information to it.
Step 3 - Kernel Load. This phase begins with the loading of ntoskrnlexe, along
with the file hall.dll. NTLDR will also read the SYSTEM registry key into memory,
and select the hardware configuration and control set (from the Registry) that will
be used for this boot. If you have more than one hardware profile created, you
could select it at this point in the boot sequence. NTLDR will a lso load any
device drivers that have a start value (again from the Registry) of 0x0. If you add
the switch /SOS in the boot.ini, you will be able to see the drivers listed on the
screen as they are loaded. At this point all of these files have been loaded into
memory.
Step 4 - Kernel Initialization. Once Ntoskrnl.exe is initialized, it creates the
Clone control set by copying the current control set. It will also create the
HARDWARE key in the Registry using the information gathered by earlier by
ntdetect.com. Ntoskrnl.exe will then initialize the drivers loaded earlier, and will
then scan the Registry for device drivers that have a start value of 0x1.
Step 5 - Services Load. This step begins with the starting of the Session
Manager (Smss.exe). It will run the programs listed in its BootExecute Registry
entry, as well as starting the required subsystems. The Win32 subsystem will
then start Winlogon.exe, which starts the Local Security Administration
(Lsass.exe), and the Ctrl+Alt+Delete window appears. The Service Controller
(Screg.exe) will check the Registry for services with a start value of 0x2, and will
load them. Services can be loaded simultaneously, but dependent on their
dependencies. Services with start values of 0x3 are started manually, and
services with start values of 0x4 are disabled.
Step 6 - Logon. The logon prompt will appear during the previous step, but it
begins the final step in the boot-up process. A boot is not considered successful
or completed until a user logs in. After a successful logon, the Clone control set
from Step 4 is copied to the LastKnownGood control set. This makes it available
as an advanced boot option in the later half of Step 2 for the next boot. What this
means is that if you install a bad device driver that renders your computer
unbootable, you can press F8 during Step 2, and choose to use the
LastKnownGood control set. Since this control set was created before you
installed the bad driver, your system will load without trying to start the driver,
allowing you to boot successfully.
indicated:
NTLDR Root of the active partition
Boot.ini Root of the active partition
Bootsect.dos (only if dual booting) Root of the active partition
Ntdetect.com Root of the active partition
Ntbootdd.sys (only if booting from a
SCSI partition, and SCSI BIOS is not
present on the controller)
Root of the active partition
Ntoskrnl.exe %SystemRoot%\System32
Hal.dll %SystemRoot%\System32
SYSTEM key (part of the Registry) %SystemRoot%\System32\Config
Device drivers (varies according to
devices present) %SystemRoot%\System32\Drivers
By default, the "Root of the active partition" means C:\, and "%SystemRoot%"
means c:\winnt.
On non-Intel (RISC) based systems, NTLDR is not needed. Instead the
computer's firmware performs those functions, and is controlled by
OSLOADER.EXE. A successful boot process on an Intel-based computer
running Win2K takes the following six steps to complete:
Step 1 - POST - Power On Self Test. This is something that all computers will
perform, regardless of the Operating System that is installed on it. This step is
only mentioned because a working hardware platform is necessary for a
successful boot. During the POST, a computer will typically test its memory,
verify that it has all necessary hardware, such as a keyboard. After checking
itself, the computer will allow adapter cards (such as SCSI cards) to run their own
POSTs. After the POST, the computer will locate a boot device, and load the
MBR (Master Boot Record) into memory, which in turn locates the active partition
and loads the boot sector into memory. Up to this point, the computer's
hardware has played the active role. Without properly functioning hardware, the
operating system doesn't matter much. At this point it is good to know that
About.com also has the best site on the Internet for PC Support, complete with a
great newsletter, an interactive forum , and a chat room. Even if your computer is
booting and running fi ne right now, this site is a great resource for tips and
information your computer.
Step 2 - Choose the OS. NTLDR is the key component of this step. It will use
the files Ntdetect.com, boot.ini, and bootsect.dos (for dual-boot machines). At
the beginning of this step, the screen will display the "OS Loader V5.0" message
on the screen. When NTLDR runs, it switches the processor into 32-bit flat
memory mode (until this point the computer was running in real mode (just like
your old 8086 or 8088 CPU). It then starts the appropriate mini-file system
(e.g.:FAT, NTFS), so that it can read the files from the disk. It will then read the
Boot.ini file, and display the boot menu on the screen. If an OS other than
Windows 2000 is selected, NTLDR then loads the bootsect.dos file and passes
control to it, which then boots the other OS. If a Windows 2000 OS is selected,
then NTLDR runs Ntdetect.com to gather information about the computer's
hardware. It is also in this step when you can choose to press F8 for
troubleshooting and advanced startup options. Ntdetect detects the following
hardware components:
? Computer ID
? Bus/adapter type
? SCSI adapters
? video adapters
? keyboard
? Com ports
? Parallel ports
? Floppy disks
? Mouse/pointing devices
? Floating-point coprocessor
Once Ntdetect.com has collected the hardware information, NTLDR will load
Ntoskrnl and pass that information to it.
Step 3 - Kernel Load. This phase begins with the loading of ntoskrnlexe, along
with the file hall.dll. NTLDR will also read the SYSTEM registry key into memory,
and select the hardware configuration and control set (from the Registry) that will
be used for this boot. If you have more than one hardware profile created, you
could select it at this point in the boot sequence. NTLDR will a lso load any
device drivers that have a start value (again from the Registry) of 0x0. If you add
the switch /SOS in the boot.ini, you will be able to see the drivers listed on the
screen as they are loaded. At this point all of these files have been loaded into
memory.
Step 4 - Kernel Initialization. Once Ntoskrnl.exe is initialized, it creates the
Clone control set by copying the current control set. It will also create the
HARDWARE key in the Registry using the information gathered by earlier by
ntdetect.com. Ntoskrnl.exe will then initialize the drivers loaded earlier, and will
then scan the Registry for device drivers that have a start value of 0x1.
Step 5 - Services Load. This step begins with the starting of the Session
Manager (Smss.exe). It will run the programs listed in its BootExecute Registry
entry, as well as starting the required subsystems. The Win32 subsystem will
then start Winlogon.exe, which starts the Local Security Administration
(Lsass.exe), and the Ctrl+Alt+Delete window appears. The Service Controller
(Screg.exe) will check the Registry for services with a start value of 0x2, and will
load them. Services can be loaded simultaneously, but dependent on their
dependencies. Services with start values of 0x3 are started manually, and
services with start values of 0x4 are disabled.
Step 6 - Logon. The logon prompt will appear during the previous step, but it
begins the final step in the boot-up process. A boot is not considered successful
or completed until a user logs in. After a successful logon, the Clone control set
from Step 4 is copied to the LastKnownGood control set. This makes it available
as an advanced boot option in the later half of Step 2 for the next boot. What this
means is that if you install a bad device driver that renders your computer
unbootable, you can press F8 during Step 2, and choose to use the
LastKnownGood control set. Since this control set was created before you
installed the bad driver, your system will load without trying to start the driver,
allowing you to boot successfully.
The Windows NT 4.0 Boot Process
Files required for a successful boot:
? NTLDR - The operating system loader, which must reside in the root of the
boot drive. In a multi-boot environment, it will be used to start the other
systems initially. This file is hidden, system, and read-only.
? BOOT.INI - a text file which is used to build the OS Selection menu, and
gives the path to each OS available. This file also must be in the root of
the boot drive, and is read-only, system.
? BOOTSECT.DOS - This file contains the boot sector of the Operating
System that was on the hard drive previous to installing NT. NTLDR will
use this to boot in a multi-boot environment if an OS other than NT was
chosen from the boot menu. It too, is a hidden system file that must be in
the root of the boot drive.
? NTDETECT.COM - This program examines the hardware on the machine,
and builds a list, which it passes back to NTLDR to be used to build the
Hardware Hive of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE in the Registry. This file is
also a hidden, read-only system file, in the root of the boot partition.
? NTOSKERNEL.EXE - The kernel of the OS itself, which resides in the
WINNT\SYSTEM32 directory.
? NTBOOTDD.SYS - This device driver file will only be used on systems
that boot from a SCSI disk on which the SCSI adapter BIOS is disabled.
? SYSTEM - This file is located in the WINNT\ SYSTEM32\CONFIG folder,
and controls which drivers and services are loaded during the Windows
NT startup.
Next when the machine is first powered on, it will go through a series of steps
before NT actually begins booting:
? POST - Power On Self Test
? The machine locates the boot device, and loads the MBR (Master Boot
Record) into memory.
? The MBR's program will locate the active partition and load the boot sector
into memory from it.
? NTLDR will be loaded into memory and run.
This brings us to the actual NT booting process.
? NTLDR switches the processor to a 32-bit flat memory model, supporting
up to 4 GB of RAM (physically installed).
? NTLDR starts what is called a minifile system. Windows NT can read one
of three file formats: FAT, NTFS & CDFS.
? NTLDR reads the BOOT.INI file, and displays the operating system
selections in the Boot Menu.
? If Windows NT is selected, NTLDR will run NTDETECT.COM.
? If another OS is selected, NTLDR will load and run BOOTSECT.DOS, and
pass control to it, and exit. The other OS will continue as though the
machine had just booted. If BOOTSECT.DOS is missing or corrupt, it
must be replaced or reconstructed in order to boot to the other OS.
? NTDETECT.COM scans the machine's hardware (you will notice the
keyboard lights and modem lights flash at this point, as it scans the
various ports).
? NTLDR then loads NTOSKRNL.EXE and passes the hardware information
to it.
? This technically ends the "boot phase" and begins the "load phase."
LOAD PHASES
There are four more phases to go before NT is officially up and running. They
are the Kernel Load, Kernel Initialization, Services Load, and Subsystem Start
Phases.
? Kernel Load phase, the HAL (hardware abstraction layer) is loaded, which
hides the physical hardware from applications.
? System hive of the registry is loaded next, and scanned for drivers and
services that should be loaded.
? Kernel Initialization phase, the screen is blue. The drivers are initialized
and loaded, and the registry's CurrentControlSet is then saved, and the
Clone control set is created, but not saved. The registry hardware list is
then created from the information gathered earlier.
? Services Load phase, the session manager is started (SMSS.EXE), which
runs any programs listed in HKEY_
LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\ Control\Session
Manager: BootExecute. After this, the session manager sets up the
pagefile(s). Next the Clone Control Set is written to the registry. The last
thing the session manager does is load the required subsystems (by
default, only Win32).
? Subsystem Start phase, WINLOGON.EXE is automatically started, which
starts the Local Security Authority (LSASS.EXE) and brings up the logon
dialog box (CTRL+ALT+DEL). The Service Controller (SCREG.EXE) is
then run, which looks through the registry for services that are set to
automatic load, and loads them.
User Logon:
Once the user logs on successfully, a boot is considered complete, and the
Clone control set is copied to the Last Known Good control set.
? NTLDR - The operating system loader, which must reside in the root of the
boot drive. In a multi-boot environment, it will be used to start the other
systems initially. This file is hidden, system, and read-only.
? BOOT.INI - a text file which is used to build the OS Selection menu, and
gives the path to each OS available. This file also must be in the root of
the boot drive, and is read-only, system.
? BOOTSECT.DOS - This file contains the boot sector of the Operating
System that was on the hard drive previous to installing NT. NTLDR will
use this to boot in a multi-boot environment if an OS other than NT was
chosen from the boot menu. It too, is a hidden system file that must be in
the root of the boot drive.
? NTDETECT.COM - This program examines the hardware on the machine,
and builds a list, which it passes back to NTLDR to be used to build the
Hardware Hive of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE in the Registry. This file is
also a hidden, read-only system file, in the root of the boot partition.
? NTOSKERNEL.EXE - The kernel of the OS itself, which resides in the
WINNT\SYSTEM32 directory.
? NTBOOTDD.SYS - This device driver file will only be used on systems
that boot from a SCSI disk on which the SCSI adapter BIOS is disabled.
? SYSTEM - This file is located in the WINNT\ SYSTEM32\CONFIG folder,
and controls which drivers and services are loaded during the Windows
NT startup.
Next when the machine is first powered on, it will go through a series of steps
before NT actually begins booting:
? POST - Power On Self Test
? The machine locates the boot device, and loads the MBR (Master Boot
Record) into memory.
? The MBR's program will locate the active partition and load the boot sector
into memory from it.
? NTLDR will be loaded into memory and run.
This brings us to the actual NT booting process.
? NTLDR switches the processor to a 32-bit flat memory model, supporting
up to 4 GB of RAM (physically installed).
? NTLDR starts what is called a minifile system. Windows NT can read one
of three file formats: FAT, NTFS & CDFS.
? NTLDR reads the BOOT.INI file, and displays the operating system
selections in the Boot Menu.
? If Windows NT is selected, NTLDR will run NTDETECT.COM.
? If another OS is selected, NTLDR will load and run BOOTSECT.DOS, and
pass control to it, and exit. The other OS will continue as though the
machine had just booted. If BOOTSECT.DOS is missing or corrupt, it
must be replaced or reconstructed in order to boot to the other OS.
? NTDETECT.COM scans the machine's hardware (you will notice the
keyboard lights and modem lights flash at this point, as it scans the
various ports).
? NTLDR then loads NTOSKRNL.EXE and passes the hardware information
to it.
? This technically ends the "boot phase" and begins the "load phase."
LOAD PHASES
There are four more phases to go before NT is officially up and running. They
are the Kernel Load, Kernel Initialization, Services Load, and Subsystem Start
Phases.
? Kernel Load phase, the HAL (hardware abstraction layer) is loaded, which
hides the physical hardware from applications.
? System hive of the registry is loaded next, and scanned for drivers and
services that should be loaded.
? Kernel Initialization phase, the screen is blue. The drivers are initialized
and loaded, and the registry's CurrentControlSet is then saved, and the
Clone control set is created, but not saved. The registry hardware list is
then created from the information gathered earlier.
? Services Load phase, the session manager is started (SMSS.EXE), which
runs any programs listed in HKEY_
LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\ Control\Session
Manager: BootExecute. After this, the session manager sets up the
pagefile(s). Next the Clone Control Set is written to the registry. The last
thing the session manager does is load the required subsystems (by
default, only Win32).
? Subsystem Start phase, WINLOGON.EXE is automatically started, which
starts the Local Security Authority (LSASS.EXE) and brings up the logon
dialog box (CTRL+ALT+DEL). The Service Controller (SCREG.EXE) is
then run, which looks through the registry for services that are set to
automatic load, and loads them.
User Logon:
Once the user logs on successfully, a boot is considered complete, and the
Clone control set is copied to the Last Known Good control set.
Windows 95/98--BOOT SEQUENCES
The Windows 95 boot sequence is as follows:
1. POST (Power-On Self Test)
2. The Plug and Play(PnP) BIOS begins by looking at the hardware devices
on the system and figuring out which ones are PnP compliant. The BIOS
first enables the devices that are not Plug and Play, and then tries to make
the PnP devices use the leftover resources.
3. The Basic Input/Output System looks for devices (Hard Drives, Floppy
Disk, CDs) containing the Operating System (OS)
4. Master Boot Record (MBR) executes the boot record on the hard drive,
which looks for the initial hidden files of Windows 95, called IO.SYS.
5. IO.SYS loads. IO.SYS looks for CONFIG.SYS file, and, if found, the
CONFIG.SYS file executes. The CONFIG.SYS file is not required for
Windows 95.
6. IO.SYS searches for MSDOS.SYS. MSDOS.SYS is a hidden file with
settings used to customize the boot process.
7. COMMAND.COM loads.
8. AUTOEXEC.BAT.
9. The heart of Windows 95 now loads, providing a desktop from which you
can execute application software.
WINDOWS 98 BOOT SEQUENCE:
Just as with Windows 95, Windows 98 goes through a boot sequence in the
order listed above.
1. BIOS runs POST
2. BIOS loads a small DOS core
3. The DOS core loads Windows 98
1. POST (Power-On Self Test)
2. The Plug and Play(PnP) BIOS begins by looking at the hardware devices
on the system and figuring out which ones are PnP compliant. The BIOS
first enables the devices that are not Plug and Play, and then tries to make
the PnP devices use the leftover resources.
3. The Basic Input/Output System looks for devices (Hard Drives, Floppy
Disk, CDs) containing the Operating System (OS)
4. Master Boot Record (MBR) executes the boot record on the hard drive,
which looks for the initial hidden files of Windows 95, called IO.SYS.
5. IO.SYS loads. IO.SYS looks for CONFIG.SYS file, and, if found, the
CONFIG.SYS file executes. The CONFIG.SYS file is not required for
Windows 95.
6. IO.SYS searches for MSDOS.SYS. MSDOS.SYS is a hidden file with
settings used to customize the boot process.
7. COMMAND.COM loads.
8. AUTOEXEC.BAT.
9. The heart of Windows 95 now loads, providing a desktop from which you
can execute application software.
WINDOWS 98 BOOT SEQUENCE:
Just as with Windows 95, Windows 98 goes through a boot sequence in the
order listed above.
1. BIOS runs POST
2. BIOS loads a small DOS core
3. The DOS core loads Windows 98
WHAT IS THE DOS BOOT SEQUENCE??
Short answer:
Power On Self Test (POST )which checks BIOS,CPU, RAM, Video, Keyboard,
drives, etc.
Load Operating System (OS)
? IO.SYS
? MSDOS.SYS
? CONFIG.SYS
? COMMAND.COM
? AUTOEXED.BAT
Specifics
1. BIOS locates the Master Boot Record (MBR) on the hard drive.
2. The partition table find the physical location of the logical boot drive and
turns to the boot record of that logical drive
3. The boot record (a very short program) loads two hidden files into
memory. These files are IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS
o The IO.SYS file contains more BIOS software
o The MSDOS.SYS contains software to manage files, run
applications software and interface with hardware
4. Once these two files are loaded, the boot record program is longer needed
and turns control over to a file stored on MSDOS.SYS
5. This program looks on the hard drive for a file named CONFIG.SYS. This
is the first OS file that you, the user, can change. This file contains
commands that tell DOS how many files it can open at any one time
(FILE=) and how many file buffers (a temporary holding area for a file) to
create (BUFFERS=). It also contains the commands to load device drivers
(small programs that tell your computer how to communicate with devices
such as printers) (DRIVERS=) and other information. Several drivers can
be loaded into memory and CONFIG.SYS puts them anywhere it wants
unless the program requests a certain memory location.
6. When CONFIG.SYS is done, MSDOS looks for another file called
COMMAND.COM. This file consists of 3 parts: more code to manage
Input/Output (I/O), internal DOS commands such as COPY and DIR, and
a short program that looks for AUTOEXEC.BAT.
7. AUTOEXEC.BAT stands for "automatically executed batch" program. This
file holds a list of DOS commands that are automatically executed each
time DOS loads. Two of these commands are:
o PROMPT $P$G this instructs DOS to display the current directory
name and the current drive name as part of the prompt.
C:\Windows instead of C:>.
o PATH Tells DOS where to look for program files. Example:
C:\Windows\Driver Cache \Fonts
o AUTOEXEC.BAT also loads TSRs (terminate and stay resident
programs).
8. The boot process is completed after AUTOEXEC.BAT has finished
executing. At this point, COMMAND.COM is in charge and you have the
command Prompt (C:>).
Power On Self Test (POST )which checks BIOS,CPU, RAM, Video, Keyboard,
drives, etc.
Load Operating System (OS)
? IO.SYS
? MSDOS.SYS
? CONFIG.SYS
? COMMAND.COM
? AUTOEXED.BAT
Specifics
1. BIOS locates the Master Boot Record (MBR) on the hard drive.
2. The partition table find the physical location of the logical boot drive and
turns to the boot record of that logical drive
3. The boot record (a very short program) loads two hidden files into
memory. These files are IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS
o The IO.SYS file contains more BIOS software
o The MSDOS.SYS contains software to manage files, run
applications software and interface with hardware
4. Once these two files are loaded, the boot record program is longer needed
and turns control over to a file stored on MSDOS.SYS
5. This program looks on the hard drive for a file named CONFIG.SYS. This
is the first OS file that you, the user, can change. This file contains
commands that tell DOS how many files it can open at any one time
(FILE=) and how many file buffers (a temporary holding area for a file) to
create (BUFFERS=). It also contains the commands to load device drivers
(small programs that tell your computer how to communicate with devices
such as printers) (DRIVERS=) and other information. Several drivers can
be loaded into memory and CONFIG.SYS puts them anywhere it wants
unless the program requests a certain memory location.
6. When CONFIG.SYS is done, MSDOS looks for another file called
COMMAND.COM. This file consists of 3 parts: more code to manage
Input/Output (I/O), internal DOS commands such as COPY and DIR, and
a short program that looks for AUTOEXEC.BAT.
7. AUTOEXEC.BAT stands for "automatically executed batch" program. This
file holds a list of DOS commands that are automatically executed each
time DOS loads. Two of these commands are:
o PROMPT $P$G this instructs DOS to display the current directory
name and the current drive name as part of the prompt.
C:\Windows instead of C:>.
o PATH Tells DOS where to look for program files. Example:
C:\Windows\Driver Cache \Fonts
o AUTOEXEC.BAT also loads TSRs (terminate and stay resident
programs).
8. The boot process is completed after AUTOEXEC.BAT has finished
executing. At this point, COMMAND.COM is in charge and you have the
command Prompt (C:>).
Tuesday, August 4, 2009
Windows 7 Keyboard shortcuts
Keyboard shortcuts are most important for power computer users. If you want to increase your productivity then you must know all windows keyboard shortcut which is required to carry out your day to day computing activity. Windows Vista and XP have almost same keyboard shortcuts but microsoft latest operating system windows 7 has got many new keyboard shortcuts.
Here is a list of all new as well as old windows 7 keyboard shortcut which will be definitely helpful for all Windows 7 users experimenting with first windows 7 beta.
General
Win+Up : Maximize
Win+Down : Restore / Minimize
Win+Left : Snap to left
Win+Right : Snap to right
Win+Shift+Left : Jump to left monitor
Win+Shift+Right : Jump to right monitor
Win+Home : Minimize / Restore all other windows
Win+T : Focus the first taskbar entry
Pressing again will cycle through them, you can can arrow around.
Win+Shift+T : cycles backwards.
Win+Space : Peek at the desktop
Win+G : Bring gadgets to the top of the Z-order
Win+P : External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc)
Win+X : Mobility Center (same as Vista, but still handy!)
Win+# (# = a number key) : Launches a new instance of the application in the Nth slot on the taskbar.
Example: Win+1 launches first pinned app, Win+2 launches second, etc.
Win + +, Win + - (plus or minus key) : Zoom in or out.
Explorer
Alt+P : Show/hide Preview Pane
Taskbar modifiers
Shift + Click on icon : Open a new instance
Middle click on icon : Open a new instance
Ctrl + Shift + Click on icon: Open a new instance with Admin privileges
Shift + Right-click on icon : Show window menu (Restore / Minimize / Move / etc)
Note: Normally you can just right-click on the window thumbnail to get this menu
Shift + Right-click on grouped icon :Menu with Restore All / Minimize All / Close All, etc.
Ctrl + Click on grouped icon : Cycle between the windows (or tabs) in the group
Here is a list of all new as well as old windows 7 keyboard shortcut which will be definitely helpful for all Windows 7 users experimenting with first windows 7 beta.
General
Win+Up : Maximize
Win+Down : Restore / Minimize
Win+Left : Snap to left
Win+Right : Snap to right
Win+Shift+Left : Jump to left monitor
Win+Shift+Right : Jump to right monitor
Win+Home : Minimize / Restore all other windows
Win+T : Focus the first taskbar entry
Pressing again will cycle through them, you can can arrow around.
Win+Shift+T : cycles backwards.
Win+Space : Peek at the desktop
Win+G : Bring gadgets to the top of the Z-order
Win+P : External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc)
Win+X : Mobility Center (same as Vista, but still handy!)
Win+# (# = a number key) : Launches a new instance of the application in the Nth slot on the taskbar.
Example: Win+1 launches first pinned app, Win+2 launches second, etc.
Win + +, Win + - (plus or minus key) : Zoom in or out.
Explorer
Alt+P : Show/hide Preview Pane
Taskbar modifiers
Shift + Click on icon : Open a new instance
Middle click on icon : Open a new instance
Ctrl + Shift + Click on icon: Open a new instance with Admin privileges
Shift + Right-click on icon : Show window menu (Restore / Minimize / Move / etc)
Note: Normally you can just right-click on the window thumbnail to get this menu
Shift + Right-click on grouped icon :Menu with Restore All / Minimize All / Close All, etc.
Ctrl + Click on grouped icon : Cycle between the windows (or tabs) in the group
Tuesday, July 28, 2009
Make XP boot even Faster
Microsoft has chosen a completely different path for XP and it's boot features by trying to incorporate as much support for newer fastboot BIOSes that are on most current motherboards. They built XP in such a way as to make it able to take advantage of features in these new BIOSes, and one of the coolest things is a small application called bootvis. bootvis.
Bootvis watches everything that loads at boot time, from the moment the OS begins to load just after POST (Power On Self-Test) to the moment you get to a usable Desktop. Some programs, most notably Norton AntiVirus 2002, suck up valuable seconds before you can actually DO anything even though you're at the Desktop. bootvis generates a trace file that you load and can then "see" a visual representation of what's happening. Every file, driver, hard drive read/write, etc., is recorded. You can then use bootvis to optimize the loading of files during the boot sequence. bootvis will rearrange the ways these very files are stored on the hard drive, thereby improving the boot time dramatically.
Bootvis watches everything that loads at boot time, from the moment the OS begins to load just after POST (Power On Self-Test) to the moment you get to a usable Desktop. Some programs, most notably Norton AntiVirus 2002, suck up valuable seconds before you can actually DO anything even though you're at the Desktop. bootvis generates a trace file that you load and can then "see" a visual representation of what's happening. Every file, driver, hard drive read/write, etc., is recorded. You can then use bootvis to optimize the loading of files during the boot sequence. bootvis will rearrange the ways these very files are stored on the hard drive, thereby improving the boot time dramatically.
How To Enable Hibernation
Under Windows 98, Me, or 2000 there was an option in the shutdown dialog box to enter the computer into hibernation (where all the content of the RAM is copied to the hard disk). The shutdown dialog box of Windows XP doesn't offer any longer the hibernation button. Some users may get confused about how to enable the hibernation mode. If this mode is supported by your motherboard (ACPI) you have to do the following:
1. Click Start and Shut Down,
2. Point the standby button and maintain the shift key pushed,
3. A new hibernation button appears: click it while still holding the shift key: voila your PC will hibernate.
1. Click Start and Shut Down,
2. Point the standby button and maintain the shift key pushed,
3. A new hibernation button appears: click it while still holding the shift key: voila your PC will hibernate.
CommWarrior Removal
download and install simworks
or f-secure anti-virus. they will do the removal job.
for all download links click HERE
have fun !
or f-secure anti-virus. they will do the removal job.
for all download links click HERE
have fun !
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